About ADHD
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition where the brain functions differently, often leading to difficulty sustaining attention, excessive activity, and impulsive behaviour with a complex history of evolving definitions and treatments.
These symptoms typically emerge before age 12 and can persist into adulthood, affecting academic, professional, and social life.
Historically, ADHD was first described in 1798 by Sir Alexander Crichton as an “incapacity of attending with constancy,” and later in 1902 by Sir George Frederic Still, who noted a “defect of moral control” in children despite normal intelligence. The disorder was initially termed hyperkinetic reaction of childhood and formally recognised by the American Psychiatric Association in the 1960s. Over time, its name and understanding evolved—becoming Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) in 1980, and later ADHD in the late 1980s to reflect both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive traits.
ADHD Medications emerged in the mid-20th century, and while the exact causes remain unclear, research points to genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.
ADHD often coexists with other conditions—up to 80% of adults and 60% of children with ADHD have at least one comorbidity.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is more than just inattention or hyperactivity—it’s a neurodevelopmental condition that often walks hand-in-hand with other mental health and learning challenges. These co-occurring conditions, known as comorbidities, can intensify symptoms, mask ADHD itself, and require tailored treatment strategies.
Comorbidities are additional disorders that occur alongside ADHD. They can be:
• Primary: Present from early childhood and pervasive across environments.
• Secondary: Arising from the stress of managing ADHD symptoms, such as anxiety or depression.
Understanding whether symptoms stem from ADHD or a comorbid condition is crucial for effective care.
Common Comorbidities of ADHD
Anxiety Disorders
Persistent worry, fear, or restlessness. Includes Generalised Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety, and PTSD. It can worsen focus and emotional regulation.
Depression
Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and fatigue. Often linked to the emotional toll of unmanaged ADHD symptoms.
Bipolar Disorder
Alternating episodes of mania and depression. May overlap with impulsivity and mood swings seen in ADHD.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Challenges with social interaction, communication, and sensory processing. Shares traits like rigidity and emotional dysregulation.
Learning Disabilities
Includes dyslexia, dyscalculia, and processing disorders. Affects academic performance despite normal intelligence.
Sleep disorders
Trouble falling or staying asleep. Sleep deprivation can intensify ADHD symptoms.
Conduct Disorder (CD)
More severe behavioural issues, including aggression and rule-breaking. Often develops from untreated ODD.
Risks and Challenges
1 / Misdiagnosis:
Overlapping symptoms can lead to incorrect or delayed diagnosis.
2 / Treatment Conflicts:
Medications for one condition may worsen another.
3 / Functional Impairments:
Comorbidities can affect relationships, education, employment, and mental health.
4 / Masked ADHD:
Some comorbidities may overshadow ADHD symptoms, especially in adults.
1 / Comprehensive Assessment:
Early, multi-disciplinary evaluation is key.
2 / Tailored Treatment:
Address each condition individually while considering interactions.
3 / Ongoing Monitoring:
Symptoms and needs evolve—so should the support.
What Can Help?
ADHD rarely travels alone.
Recognising its companions is the first step toward meaningful support and better outcomes.