ADHD

ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder marked by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, with a complex history of evolving definitions and treatments.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition where the brain functions differently, often leading to difficulty sustaining attention, excessive activity, and impulsive behaviour.

These symptoms typically emerge before age 12 and can persist into adulthood, affecting academic, professional, and social life.

Historically, ADHD was first described in 1798 by Sir Alexander Crichton as an “incapacity of attending with constancy,” and later in 1902 by Sir George Frederic Still, who noted a “defect of moral control” in children despite normal intelligence. The disorder was initially termed hyperkinetic reaction of childhood and formally recognised by the American Psychiatric Association in the 1960s. Over time, its name and understanding evolved—becoming Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) in 1980, and later ADHD in the late 1980s to reflect both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive traits.

Treatments like Ritalin and Benzedrine emerged mid-20th century, and while the exact causes remain unclear, research points to genetic, environmental, and neurological factors.

More About ADHD

ADHD often coexists with other conditions—up to 80% of adults and 60% of children with ADHD have at least one comorbidity. These overlapping challenges can complicate diagnosis, treatment, and daily life.

🧠 ADHD: Comorbidities and Risks You Should Know

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is more than just inattention or hyperactivity—it’s a neurodevelopmental condition that often walks hand-in-hand with other mental health and learning challenges. These co-occurring conditions, known as comorbidities, can intensify symptoms, mask ADHD itself, and require tailored treatment strategies.

🔍 What Are Comorbidities?

Comorbidities are additional disorders that occur alongside ADHD. They can be:

• Primary: Present from early childhood and pervasive across environments.

• Secondary: Arising from the stress of managing ADHD symptoms, such as anxiety or depression.

Understanding whether symptoms stem from ADHD or a comorbid condition is crucial for effective care.

🧠 Common Comorbidities of ADHD

• Anxiety Disorders

Persistent worry, fear, or restlessness. Includes Generalised Anxiety Disorder, Social Anxiety, and PTSD. It can worsen focus and emotional regulation.

• Depression

Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and fatigue. Often linked to the emotional toll of unmanaged ADHD symptoms.

• Bipolar Disorder

Alternating episodes of mania and depression. May overlap with impulsivity and mood swings seen in ADHD.

• Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Challenges with social interaction, communication, and sensory processing. Shares traits like rigidity and emotional dysregulation.

• Learning Disabilities

Includes dyslexia, dyscalculia, and processing disorders. Affects academic performance despite normal intelligence.

• Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

Frequent defiance, irritability, and hostility toward authority figures. Common in children with ADHD.

• Conduct Disorder (CD)

More severe behavioural issues, including aggression and rule-breaking. Often develops from untreated ODD.

• Sleep Disorders

Trouble falling or staying asleep. Sleep deprivation can intensify ADHD symptoms.

• Emotional Dysregulation (ED)

Difficulty managing emotions, leading to intense reactions to minor stressors. Affects up to 70% of adults with ADHD.

• Rejection Sensitive Dysphoria (RSD)

Extreme emotional pain triggered by perceived rejection or criticism. It can mimic mood disorders and escalate rapidly.

• Addiction

It is present in over 50% of ADHD at some point in their lives. Drugs and Alcohol are a main contributor as people unknowingly try to self-medicate. But Gambling, gaming, shopping and all other addictions can be a comorbidity.

• Suicide

The increased risk of suicide is present with ADHD, and this is further increased with the number of comorbidities present, but addictions to drugs and alcohol come with a significant risk.

🚨 Risks and Challenges

Misdiagnosis: Overlapping symptoms can lead to incorrect or delayed diagnosis.
Treatment Conflicts: Medications for one condition may worsen another.
Functional Impairments: Comorbidities can affect relationships, education, employment, and mental health.
Masked ADHD: Some comorbidities may overshadow ADHD symptoms, especially in adults.

🛠️ What Can Help?

Comprehensive Assessment: Early, multi-disciplinary evaluation is key.
Tailored Treatment: Address each condition individually while considering interactions.
Ongoing Monitoring: Symptoms and needs evolve—so should the support.

ADHD rarely travels alone. Recognising its companions is the first step toward meaningful support and better outcomes