About ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition where the brain functions differently, often leading to difficulty sustaining attention, excessive activity, and impulsive behaviour with a complex history of evolving definitions and treatments.
These symptoms typically emerge before age 12 and can persist into adulthood, affecting academic, professional and social life.
ADHD medications emerged in the mid-20th century, and while the exact causes remain unclear, research points to genetic, environmental and neurological factors.
The history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Historically, ADHD was first described in 1798 by Sir Alexander Crichton as an “incapacity of attending with constancy,” and later in 1902 by Sir George Frederic Still, who noted a “defect of moral control” in children despite normal intelligence. The disorder was initially termed hyperkinetic reaction of childhood and formally recognised by the American Psychiatric Association in the 1960s. Over time, its name and understanding evolved, becoming attention deficit disorder (ADD) in 1980, and later ADHD in the late 1980s to reflect both inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive traits.
ADHD often coexists with other conditions: up to 80% of adults and 60% of children with ADHD have at least one comorbidity.
ADHD is more than just inattention or hyperactivity; it’s a neurodevelopmental condition that often walks hand-in-hand with other mental health and learning challenges. These co-occurring conditions, known as comorbidities, can intensify symptoms, mask ADHD itself, and require tailored treatment strategies.
Comorbidities are additional disorders that occur alongside ADHD. They can be:
• Primary: present from early childhood and pervasive across environments.
• Secondary: arising from the stress of managing ADHD symptoms, such as anxiety or depression.
Understanding whether symptoms stem from ADHD or a comorbid condition is crucial for effective care.
Common Comorbidities of ADHD
Risks and challenges
1 / Misdiagnosis
Overlapping symptoms can lead to incorrect or delayed diagnosis.
2 / Treatment conflicts
Medications for one condition may worsen another.
3 / Functional impairments
Comorbidities can affect relationships, education, employment and mental health.
4 / Masked ADHD
Some comorbidities may overshadow ADHD symptoms, especially in adults.
1 / Comprehensive assessment
Early, multi-disciplinary evaluation is key.
2 / Tailored treatment
Address each condition individually while considering interactions.
3 / Ongoing monitoring
Symptoms and needs evolve, and so should the support.
What can help?
ADHD rarely travels alone.
Recognising its companions is the first step toward meaningful support and better outcomes.